Faculty Learning Materials
Core Topics
Introduction & Knobology
Watch this Youtube lecture about the basics of ultrasound and how to get started:
Download a “checklist” towards POCUS competency – download and fill out during your rotation to keep you on track:
Review this paper as a reference for the evidence behind the use of POCUS in Paediatric Emergency Medicine:
PEM POCUS summary of the evidence (Marin et al. Critical Ultrasound Journal 2016)
Week 1: Lung
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret lung ultrasound images:
To access the iLearns, you’ll need to be logged into the SickKids Hospital network (either on a Hospital computer, or logged into the SickKids wifi):
- You will be prompted to sign in to Office 365.
- Sign into iLearn with your Windows Account.
- In iLearn search “POCUS” for a list of all tutorials and exams.
Core Papers
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of lung POCUS:
- Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis (Pereda et al. Pediatrics 2015)
- Emergency department resource use in pediatrics pneumonia. POCUS vs. CXR (Harel-Sterling, Tessaro et al. J Ultrasound Med 2018)
- Prospective evaluation of POCUS for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children and young adults (Shah et al. JAMA Pediatrics 2013)
Week 2: Cardiac & IVC
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret cardiac ultrasound images:
How To Video:
To access the iLearns, you’ll need to be logged into the SickKids Hospital network (either on a Hospital computer, or logged into the SickKids wifi):
- You will be prompted to sign in to Office 365.
- Sign into iLearn with your Windows Account.
- In iLearn search “POCUS” for a list of all tutorials and exams.
Core Papers
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of cardiac POCUS:
- 15 minute consultation: POCUS in the management of paediatric shock (Hardwick et al. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract ED 2020)
- 10 situations where IVC ultrasound may fail to accurately predict fluid responsiveness (Via et al. Intensive Care Med 2016)
- The RUSH exam: Rapid ultrasound in shock in the evaluation of the critically ill (Perera et al. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2010)
- SHoC protocol: sonography in hypotension and cardiac arrest (Atkinson et al. CJEM 2016)
Week 3: E-FAST
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret FAST Abdomen ultrasound images:
How To Video:
To access the iLearns, you’ll need to be logged into the SickKids Hospital network (either on a Hospital computer, or logged into the SickKids wifi):
- You will be prompted to sign in to Office 365.
- Sign into iLearn with your Windows Account.
- In iLearn search “POCUS” for a list of all tutorials and exams.
Core Papers
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of E-FAST POCUS:
- The utility of the FAST in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Liang et al. Pediatric Emergency Care 2019)
- Effect of abdominal ultrasound on clinical care, outcomes, and resource use among children with blunt torson trauma: a randomized clinical trial (Holmes et al. JAMA 2017)
Week 4: Soft Tissue
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret soft tissue ultrasound images:
How To Video – Water Bath:
To access the iLearns, you’ll need to be logged into the SickKids Hospital network (either on a Hospital computer, or logged into the SickKids wifi):
- You will be prompted to sign in to Office 365.
- Sign into iLearn with your Windows Account.
- In iLearn search “POCUS” for a list of all tutorials and exams.
Core Papers
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of soft tissue POCUS:
- Ultrasonography of abnormal neck lymph nodes (Chan et al. Ultrasound quarterly 2007)
- Ultrasound soft tissue applications in the PED: to drain or not to drain? (Ramirez-Schrempp et al. Pediatric Emergency Care 2009)
- Comparison of ultrasound guidance vs. clinical assessment alone for management of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections (Lam et al. Journal of emergency medicine 2018)
Extra Applications
Nerve Blocks
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret nerve ultrasound images:
Core Papers/Resources
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of nerve POCUS
Testicular
How To Video:
Core Papers/Resources
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of testicular POCUS:
Ocular
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret ocular ultrasound images:
Core Papers/Resources
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of ocular POCUS:
Intussusception
Watch this Youtube lecture about how to acquire and interpret intussusception ultrasound images:
Core Papers/Resources
Read these core papers for more evidence about the use of intussusception POCUS:
How-To’s: Learning Guide
Our continuously updated How-To playlist is an excellent source of tips and tricks to improve your POCUS use. Subscribe now for our entire P2Share collection. These are meant to be complimentary to your core learning material above.
Introduction to PEM POCUS
“Manual of Ultrasound for Resource-Limited Settings“. The Partners in Health. First Edition, 2011
Ultrasound Physics & Knobology:
Back to Basics – Transducer Manipulation
How to slide, tilt, rock and rotate your way to a decent view of whatever you need to see.
Abdomen
- Miller, C. R., Ultrasound in the Assessment of the Acute Abdomen in Children: Its advantages and Its Limitations. Ultrasound Clin (2007) 525-540 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2007.08.010
- Munden, M. M., Hill, J. G., Ultrasound of the Acute Abdomen in Children. Ultrasound Clin 5 (2010) 112-135. doi:10.1016/j.cult/2009.11.016
Appendicitis
- Fox, J. C. et al., Prospective evaluation of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound to detect acute appendicitis. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2008, 15:80–85
- Parks, N. A., and Schroeppel T. J., Update on Imaging for Acute Appendicitis. Surg Clin N Am 91 (2011) 141–154. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.10.017
- Ramarajan et al., An Interdisciplinary Initiative to Reduce Radiation Exposure: Evaluation of Appendicitis in a Pediatric Emergency Department With Clinical Assessment Supported by a Staged Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Pathway. Acad Emerg Med November 2009, Vol. 16, No. 1 doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00511.x
- Sivitz, A. B., Cohen, S. G., Tejani, C., Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis by Pediatric Emergency Physician Sonography. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2014 (Article in Press)
- Tulin-Silver, S. et al., The challenging ultrasound diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in children: constellations of sonographic findings improve specificity. Pediatr Radiol 4 November 2014 DOI 10.1007/s00247-014-3232-5
Ultrasound Podcast
- Appendicitis Remix – “In this episode we do something a little different than normal. Instead of giving you a “great save” story, we’re gonna talk about how it can go wrong. What we don’t want to do is scare you away from doing this exam. However, it’s important to inject some humility occasionally, especially when we’re talking about an advanced scan.”
- Episode 02: Appendicitis – “Seriously, you’re still CT’ing every RLQ pain? Get with the program and learn why and how to ultrasound for appendicitis. If this isn’t a skill you have, why not? Maybe you don’t see patients with abdominal pain, but if you do, check out this podcast”
Intussusception
- Halm, B. M., and Boychuk, R. B. Diagnosis of intussusception using point-of-care ultrasound in the pediatric ED: A case report. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2011)29, 354.e1–354.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.03.016
- Lam, S. H. F., Wise, A., and Yenter, C. Emergency bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric intussusception: a retrospective review. World J Emerg Med 2014;5(4):255–258DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920–8642.2014.04.002
- Riera, A., et al. Diagnosis of Intussusception by Physician Novice Sonographers in the Emergency Department. American College of Emergency Physicians 2012 doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.02.007
Bedside Ultrasound Diagnosis of Pediatric Intussusception
Samuel Lam, Advocate Christ Medical Center
Ultrasound Podcast
- Intussusception Part 1 – “You’ve got a little bugger with belly pain and they may have intussusception…..or they could just have gastro. How to know? Well, this isn’t the xray podcast. Of course, you’re going to ultrasound them. Or if you’re not, watch this and hopefully you will afterwards.”
- Intussusception Part 2 – “Have you been scanning some little bellies for turducken? We sure hope so. If you’ve waiting to hear from the man, Andy Sloas, before diving in, then the wait’s over. Here he is for Intussusception Part 2. He does this all the time and is a scanning maniac. Like Russ, he knows his stuff.”
Pyloric Stenosis
- Cohen, H. L., Greene, E. B., Boulden, T. P. The Vomiting Neonate or Young Infant. Ultrasound Clin 5 (2010) 97–112doi:10.1016/j.cult.2009.11.017
- Sivitz, A. B., Tejani, C., Cohen, S. G. Evaluation of Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis by Pediatric Emergency Physician Sonography. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2013. doi: 10.1111/acem.12163
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- Gallahan, W. C., and Conway, J. D. Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Polyps. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 39 (2010) 359–367 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2010.02.001
- Krishnan, M., and Middleton, W. D. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Right Upper Quadrant Pain in Emergency Departments. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 149–161 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.004
- Summers, S. M. et al. A Prospective Evaluation of Emergency Department BedsideUltrasonography for the Detection of Acute Cholecystitis. American College of Emergency Physicians 2010. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.01.014
Airway Confirmation
- Abbasi, S. et al. Direct ultrasound methods: a confirmatory technique for proper endotracheal intubation in the emergency department. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2014
- Chou EH, et al. Ultrasonography for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation (2015)
doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.013 - Kerrey, B. T. et al. A Prospective Comparison of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound and Chest Radiography to Determine Endotracheal Tube Position in a Pediatric Emergency Department. PEDIATRICS Volume 123, Number 6, June 2009
- Marciniak, B. et al. Airway Management in Children: Ultrasonography Assessment of Tracheal Intubation in Real-Time? International Anesthesia Research Society, February 2009 Vol. 108, No. 2 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819240f5
- Sim, S. et al. Ultrasonographic lung sliding sign in confirming proper endotracheal intubation during emergency Intubation. Resuscitation 83 (2012) 307–312
- Tessaro, M. O., et al. Tracheal rapid ultrasound saline test (T.R.U.S.T.) for confirming correct endotracheal tube depth in children. Resuscitation (2014)
doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.08.033
Ultrasound Podcast
- Quit Mainstemming Kids: Airway Ultrasound – “We know you’re awesome and you never mainstem intubate children or adults. Of course, the literature says even the best peds EM trained docs mainstem about 30% of the time, but you’re best of the best. However, if others are doing this, you should at least watch this so you can “help them”……right? Enjoy…”
Cardiac
- Aichinger, G. et al. Cardiac Movement Identified on Prehospital Echocardiography Predicts Outcome in Cardiac Arrest Patients. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2012;16:251–255
- Doniger, S. J. Bedside emergency cardiac ultrasound in children. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock Jul – Sep 2010 I 3:3 I . DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.66535
- Longjohn, M. and Pershad, J. Point-of-Care Echocardiography by Pediatric Emergency Physicians. POCE BY PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS VOL. 12, NO. 1
- Longjohn, M., Wan, J., and Pershad, J. Point-of-Care Echocardiography by Pediatric Emergency Physicians. Pediatric Emergency Care August 2011. Volume 27, Number 8
- Moore, C. Current Issues with Emergency Cardiac Ultrasound Probe and Image Conventions. ACAD EMERG MED March 2008, Vol. 15, No. 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00052.x
FAST
- Fox, J. C. et al. Test Characteristics of Focused Assessment of Sonography for Trauma for Clinically Significant Abdominal Free Fluid in Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma. ACAD EMERG MED May 2011, Vol. 18, No. 5
- Friedman, L. M., and Tsung, J. W. Extending the Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Examination in Children. Elsevier Inc. 2011 VOL. 12, NO. 1
- Kornblith AE, Addo N, Plasencia M, Shaahinfar A, Lin-Martore M, Sabbineni N, et al. Development of a consensus-based definition of focused assessment with sonography for trauma in children. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e222922. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2922
- Patel, N. Y., and Riherd, J. M. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma: Methods, Accuracy, and Indications. Surg Clin N Am 91 (2011) 195–207 doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.10.008
FAST – How To Lecture
Vicki Noble, Massachusetts General Hospital
Gyne: First Trimester Pregnancy
- Bronstein, M. E. et al. A Meta-Analysis of B-Mode Ultrasound, Doppler Ultrasound, and Computed Tomography to Diagnose Pediatric Ovarian Torsion. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2015;25:82–86.
- Laurich, V. M., and Tsung, J. W. Point-of-Care First Trimester Pelvic Ultrasonography for the Pediatric Emergency Physician. Elsevier Inc. 2011. VOL. 12, NO. 1
- Sadro, C., Bittle, M., and O’Connel, K. Imaging the Pregnant Trauma Patient. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 97–103 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2010.11.002
- Sheth, S. Acute Pelvic Pain in Women: Ultrasonography Still Reigns. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 163–176 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.006
- Stein, J. C. et al. Emergency Physician Ultrasonography for Evaluating Patients at Risk for Ectopic Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine December 2010 Volume 56, No. 6
Essential 1st Trimester Pelvic Ultrasound
Heidi Kimberly shows you how to use Transabdominal ultrasound to assess for intrauterine pregnancy (IUP)
Hydration
- Chen, L. et al. Use of Bedside Ultrasound to Assess Degree of Dehydration in Children With Gastroenteritis. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1042–1047. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00873.x
- Kuthuria, N. et al. The Baseline Diameter of the Inferior Vena Cava Measured by Sonography Increases With Age in Normovolemic Children. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34:1091–1096. doi:10.7863/ultra.34.6.1091
- Levine, A. C. et al. Ultrasound Assessment of Severe Dehydration in Children With Diarrhea and Vomiting. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1035–1041. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00830.x
Lung
- Esposito, S. et al. Performance of lung ultrasonography in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Esposito et al. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2014, 40:37
- Kurian, J. et al. Comparison of Ultrasound and CT in the Evaluation of Pneumonia Complicated by Parapneumonic Effusion in Children. December 2009 AJR 193:1648–1654 DOI:10.2214/AJR.09.2791
- Lichtenstein, D. A. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Annals of Intensive Care 2014, 4:1
- Lichtenstein, D. A. and Meziere G. A. Relevance of Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure. Chest 2008;134;117-125 DOI 10.1378/chest.07-2800
- Nazerian P. et al, Accuracy of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of consolidations when compared to chest computed tomography, Am J Emerg Med (2015) doi.o,rg/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.01.035
- Pereda, M. A. et al. Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children: A Meta-analysis. PEDIATRICS 2015 (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2833
- Raja, A. S. and Jacobus, C. H. How Accurate Is Ultrasonography for Excluding Pneumothorax? Annals of Emergency Medicine 2012
- Shah, V. P. et al. Prospective Evaluation of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children and Young Adults. JAMA PEDIATR FEB 2013 VOL 167 (NO. 2)
- Volpicelli, G. et al. International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med (2012) 38:577–591 DOI 10.1007/s00134-012-2513-4
- Volpicelli, G. Lung Sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2013; 32:165–171
- Wilkerson, R. G. and Stone, M. B. Sensitivity of Bedside Ultrasound and Supine Anteroposterior Chest Radiographs for the Identification of Pneumothorax After Blunt Trauma. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:11–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00628.x
Musculoskeletal (MSK)
- Cross, K. P. Bedside Ultrasound for Pediatric Long Bone Fractures. Elsevier Inc. 2011. VOL. 12, NO. 1
- Dubrovsky, A. S. et al. Accuracy of Ultrasonography for Determining Successful Realignment of Pediatric Forearm Fractures. Annals of Emergency Medicine (2014). doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.08.043
- Fananapazir, G. and Allison, S. J. Common Applications of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Emergency Department. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 215–226 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.001
- Halberg, M. J. et al. Case Report: Bedside ultrasound for verification of shoulder reduction. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2009) 27, 134.e5–134.e6
- Neri, E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for hand bony fractures in paediatric patients. Arch. Dis. Child. June 2014 doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305678
- Rabiner, J. E. et al. Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Elbow Fractures in Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine (2012). doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.07.112
- Rabiner, J. E. Ultrasound Findings of the Elbow Posterior Fat Pad in Children With Radial Head Subluxation. Pediatric Emergency Care May 2015, Volume 31, Number 5
- Vieira, R. L. and Levy, J. A. Bedside Ultrasonography to Identify Hip Effusions in Pediatric Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine March 2010 Volume 55, No. 3. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.527
- Waterbrook, A.L. et al. The accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound to diagnose long bone fractures in the ED Am J Emerg Med (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.06.006
Neck
- Ahuja, A. T. and Ying, M. Sonographic Evaluation of Cervical Lymph Nodes. AJR 2005; 184:1691–1699
- Chan, J. M. et al. Ultrasonography of Abnormal Neck Lymph Nodes. Ultrasound Quarterly March 2007 Volume 23, Number 1
- Wagner, J. M. and Lamprich, B. K. Ultrasonography of Lumps and Bumps. Ultrasound Clin 9 (2014) 373–390. doi.org/10.1016/j.cult.2014.02.004
- X.S. Fu et al. Sonographic appearance of cervical lymphadenopathy due to infectious mononucleosis in children and young adults. Clinical Radiology 69 (2014) 239-245. doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2013.09.016
Nerve Blocks
- Barrington, M. J. and Kluger, R. Ultrasound Guidance Reduces the Risk of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity Following Peripheral Nerve Blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013;38: 289–299 DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318292669b
- Fischer, J. et al. Case Report: Ultrasound-guided distal popliteal sciatic nerve block for ED anesthesia. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2011) 29, 697.e3–697.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.06.015
- Frenkel, O. et al. Ultrasound-Guided Femoral Nerve Block for Pain Control in an Infant With a Femur Fracture Due to Nonaccidental Trauma. Pediatr Emer Care 2012;28: 183-184
- Frenkel, O. et al. Ultrasound-Guided Forearm Nerve Blocks in Kids: A Novel Method for Pain Control in the Treatment of Hand-Injured Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emer Care 2015;31: 00–00
- Geffen, G. van, et al. Ultrasound-guided proximal and distal sciatic nerve blocks in children. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia (2010) 22, 241–245 doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2009.07.009
- Liebmann, O. et al. Feasibility of Forearm Ultrasonography-Guided Nerve Blocks of the Radial, Ulnar, and Median Nerves for Hand Procedures in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, November 2006, Volume 48, No. 5: 558-562. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.04.014
- Neal, J. M. et al. Upper Extremity Regional Anesthesia: Essentials of Our Current Understanding, 2008. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34: 134-170. DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31819624eb
- Stone, M. B. et al. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block for the treatment of upper extremity fractures, dislocations, and abscesses in the ED. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 472 – 475. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.08.019
- Stone, M. B. et al. Case Report: Ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block for traumatic pneumothorax requiring tube thoracostomy. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2011) 29, 697.e1–697.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.06.014
- Tsui, B. C. H. and Suresh, S. Ultrasound Imaging for Regional Anesthesia in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: A Review of Current Literature and Its Application in the Practice of Extremity and Trunk Blocks. Anesthesiology 2010; 112:473–92
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks in Emergency Care
Mike Stone, Highland General Hospital
October 16th 2011, Moscone Center, San Francisco, CA
Distal Sciatic Nerve Block
Mike Stone, Highland General Hospital
A quick intro to scanning and planning your approach to a popliteal sciatic nerve block
Ulnar Nerve Block
Mike Stone, Highland General Hospital
A 2-minute intro to scanning and planning your approach to an ulnar nerve block
Radial Nerve Block
Mike Stone, Highland General Hospital
A 2-minute intro to scanning and planning your approach to a radial nerve block
Median Nerve Block
Mike Stone, Highland General Hospital
A 2-minute intro to scanning and planning your approach to a median nerve block.
Ocular
- Harries, A. et al. Ultrasound assessment of extraocular movements and pupillary light reflex in ocular trauma. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2009) (Article in Press). doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.06.026
- Kalantari H, et al, Correlation of optic nerve sheet diameter measurements by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.Am J Emerg Med (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.07.028
- Le, A. et al. Bedside Sonographic Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter as a Predictor of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine June 2009, Volume 53, No. 6. 785-791 doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.11.025
- Leo, M. and Carmody, K. Sonography Assessment of Acute Ocular Pathology. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 227–234. doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.002
- Sharma, S. Vitreoretinal Disorders. Ultrasound Clin 3 (2008) 217–228. doi:10.1016/j.cult.2008.04.003
- Shinar, Z. et al. Use of Ocular Ultrasound for the evaluation of retinal detachment. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 53–57
- Stone, M. B. Case Report: Ultrasound diagnosis of papilledema and increased intracranial pressure in pseudotumor cerebri. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2009) 27, 376.e1–376.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2008.08.007
- Teismann, N. et al. Point-of-care Ocular Ultrasound to Detect Optic Disc Swelling. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE September 2013, Vol. 20, No. 9. doi: 10.1111/acem.12206
Procedures
- Moore, C. Ultrasound-Guided Procedures in Emergency Medicine. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 277–289 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.005
- Werner, H. and Levy, J. Procedural Applications of Bedside Emergency Ultrasound. Elsevier 2011. Vol. 12, No. 1. 43-52
Ultrasound Guided LP – The Essentials
A quick video demonstrating the technique for finding the relevant landmarks in an ultrasound guided lumbar puncture.
The “Wire In Needle” technique for CVC Placement
Bladder Volume (BV)
- Baumann, B. M. et al. Volumetric bladder ultrasound performed by trained nurses increases catheterization success in pediatric patients. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2008) 26, 18 – 23. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.03.020
- Chen, L. et al. Utility of Bedside Bladder Ultrasound Before Urethral Catheterization in Young Children. Pediatrics 2005;115;108 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0738
- Milling Jr, T. J. et al. Use of Ultrasonography to Identify Infants for Whom Urinary Catheterization Will Be Unsuccessful Because of Insufficient Urine Volume: Validation of the Urinary Bladder Index. Annals of Emergency Medicine May 2005, Vol. 45, No. 5, 510-513. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.11.010
- Witt, M. et al. Bladder Ultrasound Increases Catheterization Success in Pediatric Patients. ACAD EMERG MED April 2005, Vol. 12, No. 4. doi:10.1197/j.aem.2004.11.023
Central Venous Catheter (CVC)
- Froehlich, C. D. et al. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement decreases complications and decreases placement attempts compared with the landmark technique in patients in a pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2009 Vol. 37, No. 3. 1090-1096. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819b570e
- Gallagher, R. A. et al. Ultrasound Assistance for Central Venous Catheter Placement in a Pediatric Emergency Department Improves Placement Success Rates. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2014;21:981–986. doi: 10.1111/acem.12460
- Vieira, R. L. et al. Development and Evaluation of a Program for the Use of Ultrasound for Central Venous Catheter Placement in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emer Care 2013;29: 1245-1248
Intraosseous (IO)
- Stone, M. B. et al. Ultrasonographic Confirmation of Intraosseous Needle Placement in an Adult Unembalmed Cadaver Model. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:515-519. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.009
- Tsung JW, et al. Feasibility of point-of-care colour Doppler ultrasound confirmation of intraosseous needle placement during resuscitation. Resuscitation (2009), doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.009
Peripheral Intravenous Line (PIV)
- Doniger, S. J. et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Placement Versus Traditional Techniques in Difficult-Access Pediatric Patients. Pediatr Emer Care 2009;25: 154-159.
- Heinrichs, J. et al. Ultrasonographically Guided Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation of Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;61:444-454 doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.11.014
- Panebianco, N. L. et al. What You See (Sonographically) Is What You Get: Vein and Patient Characteristics Associated With Successful Ultrasound-guided Peripheral Intravenous Placement in Patients With Difficult Access. ACAD EMERG MED December 2009, Vol. 16, No. 12. 1298-1303. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00520.x
Renal
- Ray, A. A. et al. Limitations to Ultrasound in the Detection and Measurement of Urinary Tract Calculi. Urology 2010. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.015
- Noble, V. E. and Brown, D. F. M. Renal ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin N Am 22 (2004) 641–659. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.014
- Smith-Bindman, R. et al. Ultrasonography versus Computed Tomography for Suspected Nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1100-10.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404446
- Smith, R. J. and Horrow, M. M. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Acute Urinary Tract and Male Genitourinary Pathology. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 195–213 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.007
Resuscitation
- Byrne, M. W. et al. Ultrasound in the Critically Ill. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 235–259 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.003
- Manson, W. and Hafez, N. M. The Rapid Assessment of Dyspnea with Ultrasound: RADiUS. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 261–276 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.010
- Perera, P. et al. The RUSH Exam: Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the Evaluation of the Critically lll. Emerg Med Clin N Am 28 (2010) 29–56 doi:10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.010
- Yanagawa, Y. et al. Hypovolemic Shock Evaluated by Sonographic Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava During Resuscitation in Trauma Patients. The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 2007, Vol. 63, No. 6, 1245-1248. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318068d72b
Skull
- Rabiner, J. E. et al. Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Skull Fractures in Children. Pediatrics; originally published online May 20, 2013, Volume 131, Number 6; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-3921
- Ramirez-Schrempp, D. et al. Bedside Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Skull Fractures in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emer Care 2011;27: 312-314
- Riera, A. and Chen, L. Ultrasound Evaluation of Skull Fractures in Children: A Feasibility Study. Pediatr Emer Care 2012;28: 420-425
Soft Tissue
- Iverson, K. et al. The effect of bedside ultrasound on diagnosis and management of soft tissue infections in a pediatric ED. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2012) 30, 1347–1351. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.09.020
- Ramirez-Schrempp, D. et al. Ultrasound Soft Tissue Applications in the Pediatric Emergency Department: To drain or not to drain? Pediatr Emer Care 2009;25: 44-48
- Sivitz, A. B. Effect of Bedside Ultrasound on Management of Pediatric Soft Tissue Infection. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2009 (Article in Press). doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.013
- Tayal, V. S. et al. The Effect of Soft-tissue Ultrasound on the Management of Cellulitis in the Emergency Department. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:384–388
Testicle
- Baud, C. et al. Spiral twist of the spermatic cord: a reliable sign of testicular torsion. Pediatr Radiol (1998) 28: 950-954.
- Blaivas, M. and Brannam, L. Testicular ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin N Am 22 (2004) 723–748 doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.002
- Coley, B. D. The Acute Pediatric Scrotum. Ultrasound Clin 1 (2006) 485–496. doi:10.1016/j.cult.2006.05.002
- Lam, D. L. and Kuo, M. C. Testicular Microlithiasis: Our Experience of 10 Years. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26:867–873
- Micallef, M. et al. Ultrasound features of blunt testicular injury. Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 32 (2001) 23–26
- Smith, R. J. and Horrow, M. M. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Acute Urinary Tract and Male Genitourinary Pathology. Ultrasound Clin 6 (2011) 195–213 doi:10.1016/j.cult.2011.03.007
- Yin, S. and Trainor J. L. Diagnosis and Management of Testicular Torsion, Torsion of the Appendix Testis, and Epididymitis. Clin Ped Emerg Med 10:38-44. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2009.01.010
Other Media
Emergency Medicine Cases
- Episode 53: Pediatric POCUS – Listen